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Quantities defined in terms of measurements made at the end of the period in question are referred to as ex post; quantities defined in terms of action planned at the beginning of the period in question are referred to as ex ante.

以在有关期间终了时所作的测量确定的数量称为事后数量;按所述期间开始时计划的行动确定的数量称为事前数量。

— Gunnar Myrdal 贡纳尔·默达尔